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Virtual camera system

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Video_game_graphics" title="Video game graphics">Video game graphics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;">

<ul><li><a href="2.5D" title="2.5D">2.5D & 3/4 perspective</a></li>

<li><a href="First-person_(video_games)" title="First-person (video games)">First-person view</a></li>

<li><a href="Fixed_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed 3D">Fixed 3D</a></li>

<li><a href="Full_motion_video_based_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Full motion video based game">Full motion video based game</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphic_adventure_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic adventure game">Graphic adventure game</a></li>

<li><a href="Isometric_video_game_graphics" title="Isometric video game graphics">Isometric video game graphics</a></li>

<li><a href="Side-scrolling_video_game" title="Side-scrolling video game">Side-scrolling video game</a></li>

<li><a href="Stereoscopic_video_game" title="Stereoscopic video game">Stereoscopic video game</a></li>

<li><a href="Text-based_game" title="Text-based game">Text-based game</a></li>

<li><a href="Third-person_view" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person view">Third-person view</a></li>

<li><a href="Tile-based_video_game" title="Tile-based video game">Tile-based video game</a></li>

<li><a href="Top-down_perspective" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-down perspective">Top-down perspective</a></li>

<li><a href="Vector_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector game">Vector game</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;">

<ul><li><a href="2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D computer graphics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Parallax_scrolling" title="Parallax scrolling">Parallax scrolling</a></li>

<li><a href="Pixel_art" title="Pixel art">Pixel art</a></li>

<li><a href="Sprite_(computer_graphics)" title="Sprite (computer graphics)">Sprite</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D computer graphics</a>

<ul><li><a href="3D_rendering" title="3D rendering">3D rendering</a></li>

<li><a href="Polygon_(computer_graphics)" title="Polygon (computer graphics)">Polygon</a></li>

<li><a href="Pre-rendering" title="Pre-rendering">Pre-rendering</a></li>

<li><a href="Cel_shading" title="Cel shading">Cel shading</a></li>

<li><a href="Skybox_(video_games)" title="Skybox (video games)">Skybox</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Digitization" title="Digitization">Digitization</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotoscoping" title="Rotoscoping">Rotoscoping</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Computer graphics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Real-time_computer_graphics" title="Real-time computer graphics">Real-time graphics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Game_art_design" title="Game art design">Game art design</a></li>

<li><a href="Game_engine" title="Game engine">Graphics engine</a>

<ul><li><a href="First-person_shooter_engine" title="First-person shooter engine">First-person shooter engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Tile-based_video_game" title="Tile-based video game">Tile engine</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Voxel" title="Voxel">Voxel</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_four-dimensional_games" title="List of four-dimensional games">List of four-dimensional games</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_interactive_movies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of interactive movies">List of FMV-based games</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_first-person_shooter_engines" title="List of first-person shooter engines">List of FPS engines</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_stereoscopic_video_games" title="List of stereoscopic video games">List of stereoscopic video games</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_text-based_computer_games" title="List of text-based computer games">List of text-based computer games</a></li>

<li>Category:Video game graphics</li></ul></div></div></td>

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In <a href="3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D video games</a>, a virtual camera system aims at controlling a camera or a set of cameras to display a view of a 3D <a href="Virtual_world" title="Virtual world">virtual world</a>. Camera systems are used in video games where their purpose is to show the action at the best possible angle; more generally, they are used in 3D virtual worlds when a third-person view is required.

As opposed to filmmakers, virtual camera system creators have to deal with a world that is interactive and unpredictable. It is not possible to know where the <a href="Player_character" title="Player character">player character</a> is going to be in the next few seconds; therefore, it is not possible to plan the <a href="Shot_(filming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shot (filming)">shots</a> as a filmmaker would do. To solve this issue, the system relies on certain rules or <a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> to select the most appropriate shots.

There are mainly three types of camera systems. In fixed camera systems, the camera does not move at all, and the system displays the player's character in a succession of still shots. Tracking cameras, on the other hand, follow the character's movements. Finally, interactive camera systems are partially automated and allow the player to directly change the view. To implement camera systems, video game developers use techniques such as <a href="Constraint_programming" title="Constraint programming">constraint solvers</a>, <a href="Scripts_(artificial_intelligence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripts (artificial intelligence)">artificial intelligence scripts</a>, or <a href="Autonomous_agent" title="Autonomous agent">autonomous agents</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third-person_view"> Third-person view</h2></div>

In video games, "<a href="Third-person_(video_games)" title="Third-person (video games)">third-person</a>" refers to a <a href="Perspective_(visual)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspective (visual)">graphical perspective</a> rendered from a fixed distance behind and slightly above the player character. This viewpoint allows players to see a more strongly characterized <a href="Avatar_(computing)" title="Avatar (computing)">avatar</a> and is most common in <a href="Action_game" title="Action game">action games</a> and <a href="Action_adventure_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Action adventure game">action adventure games</a>. Games with this perspective often make use of positional audio, where the volume of ambient sounds varies depending on the position of the avatar.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-1">[1]</a>

There are primarily three types of third-person camera systems: the "fixed camera systems" in which the camera positions are set during the game creation; the "tracking camera systems" in which the camera simply follows the player's character; and the "interactive camera systems" that are under the player's control.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fixed">Fixed</h3></div>

With a fixed camera system, the developers set the properties of the camera, such as its position, orientation or <a href="Field_of_view" title="Field of view">field of view</a>, during the game creation. The camera views will not change dynamically, so the same place will always be shown under the same set of views. Games that use fixed cameras include <a href="Grim_Fandango" title="Grim Fandango">Grim Fandango</a> (1998) and the early <a href="Resident_Evil" title="Resident Evil">Resident Evil</a> and <a href="God_of_War_(franchise)" title="God of War (franchise)">God of War</a> games.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>

One advantage of this camera system is that it allows the game designers to use the <a href="Film_theory" title="Film theory">language of film</a>, creating mood through camerawork and selection of shots. Games that use this kind of technique are often praised for their cinematic qualities.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Many games with fixed cameras use <a href="Tank_controls" title="Tank controls">tank controls</a>, whereby players control character movement relative to the position of the <a href="Player_character" title="Player character">player character</a> rather than the camera position;<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> this allows the player to maintain direction when the camera angle changes.<a href="#cite_note-:2-5">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tracking">Tracking</h3></div>

Tracking cameras follows the characters from behind. The player does not control the camera in any way – they cannot for example rotate it or move it to a different position. This type of camera system was very common in early 3D games such as <a href="Crash_Bandicoot_(video_game)" title="Crash Bandicoot (video game)">Crash Bandicoot</a> or <a href="Tomb_Raider_(1996_video_game)" title="Tomb Raider (1996 video game)">Tomb Raider</a> since it is very simple to implement. However, there are a number of issues with it. In particular, if the current view is not suitable (either because it is occluded by an object, or because it is not showing what the player is interested in), it cannot be changed since the player does not control the camera.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Sometimes this viewpoint causes difficulty when a character turns or stands face out against a wall. The camera may jerk or end up in awkward positions.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interactive">Interactive</h3></div>

This type of camera system is an improvement over the tracking camera system. While the camera is still tracking the character, some of its parameters, such as its orientation or distance to the character, can be changed. On <a href="Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game consoles</a>, the camera is often controlled by an <a href="Analog_stick" title="Analog stick">analog stick</a> to provide good accuracy, whereas on PC games it is usually controlled by the <a href="Mouse_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse (computing)">mouse</a>. This is the case in games such as <a href="Super_Mario_Sunshine" title="Super Mario Sunshine">Super Mario Sunshine</a> or <a href="The_Legend_of_Zelda%3A_The_Wind_Waker" title="The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker">The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker</a>. Fully interactive camera systems are often difficult to implement in the right way. Thus <a href="GameSpot" title="GameSpot">GameSpot</a> argues that much of the Super Mario Sunshine' difficulty comes from having to control the camera.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker was more successful at it - <a href="IGN" title="IGN">IGN</a> called the camera system "so smart that it rarely needs manual correction".<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

One of the first games to offer an interactive camera system was <a href="Super_Mario_64" title="Super Mario 64">Super Mario 64</a>. The game had two types of camera systems between which the player could switch at any time. The first one was a standard tracking camera system except that it was partly driven by <a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>. Indeed, the system was "aware" of the structure of the level and therefore could anticipate certain shots. For example, in the first level, when the path to the hill is about to turn left, the camera automatically starts looking towards the left too, thus anticipating the player's movements. The second type allows the player to control the camera relatively to <a href="Mario" title="Mario">Mario</a>'s position. By pressing the left or right buttons, the camera rotates around Mario, while pressing up or down moves the camera closer or away from Mario.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2></div>

There is a large body of research on how to implement a camera system.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The role of a <a href="Constraint_programming" title="Constraint programming">constraint solver software</a> is to generate the best possible shot given a set of visual constraints. In other words, the constraint solver is given a requested shot composition such as "show this character and ensure that he covers at least 30 percent of the screen space". The solver will then use various methods to try to create a shot that would satisfy this request. Once a suitable shot is found, the solver outputs the coordinates and rotation of the camera, which can then be used by the graphic engine renderer to display the view.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>

In some camera systems, if no solution can be found, constraints are relaxed. For example, if the solver cannot generate a shot where the character occupies 30 percent of the screen space, it might ignore the screen space constraint and simply ensure that the character is visible at all.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Such methods include zooming out.

Some camera systems use predefined scripts to decide how to select the current shot for commonly seen shot scenarios called film idioms. Typically, the script is going to be triggered as a result of an action. For instance, when the player's character initiates a conversation with another character, the "conversation" script is going to be triggered. This script will contain instructions on how to "shoot" a two-character conversation. Thus the shots will be a combination of, for instance, <a href="Over_the_shoulder_shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Over the shoulder shot">over the shoulder shots</a> and <a href="Close-up" title="Close-up">close-up</a> shots. Such script-based approaches may switch the camera between a set of predefined cameras or rely on a constraint solver to generate the camera coordinates to account for variability in scene layout. This scripted approach and the use of a constraint solver to compute virtual cameras was first proposed by Drucker.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Subsequent research demonstrated how a script-based system could automatically switch cameras to view conversations between avatars in a realtime chat application.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>

Bill Tomlinson used a more original approach to the problem. He devised a system in which the camera is an <a href="Autonomous_agent" title="Autonomous agent">autonomous agent</a> with its own personality. The style of the shots and their rhythm will be affected by their mood.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_mixed-reality_applications">In mixed-reality applications</h2></div>

In 2010, the <a href="Kinect" title="Kinect">Kinect</a> was released by <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> as a <a href="3D_scanner" class="mw-redirect" title="3D scanner">3D scanner</a>/<a href="Webcam" title="Webcam">webcam</a> hybrid peripheral device which provides full-body detection of <a href="Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a> players and hands-free control of the user interfaces of video games and other software on the console. This was later modified by Oliver Kreylos<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> of <a href="University_of_California%2C_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">University of California, Davis</a> in a series of YouTube videos which showed him combining the Kinect with a PC-based virtual camera.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Because the Kinect is capable of detecting a full range of depth (through <a href="Computer_stereo_vision" title="Computer stereo vision">computer stereo vision</a> and <a href="Structured_light" title="Structured light">Structured light</a>) within a captured scene, Kreylos demonstrated the capacity of the Kinect and the virtual camera to allow free-viewpoint navigation of the range of depth, although the camera could only allow video capture of the scene as shown to the front of the Kinect, resulting in fields of black, empty space where the camera was unable to capture video within the field of depth. Later, Kreylos demonstrated a further elaboration on the modification by combining the video streams of two Kinects in order to further enhance the video capture within the view of the virtual camera.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Kreylos' developments using the Kinect were covered among the works of others in the Kinect hacking and <a href="Homebrew_(video_games)" title="Homebrew (video games)">homebrew</a> community in a <a href="New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> article.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Real-time_recording_and_motion_tracking">Real-time recording and motion tracking</h2></div>

Virtual cameras have been developed which allow a director to film <a href="Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">motion capture</a> and view the digital character's movements in real time<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> in a pre-constructed digital environment, such as a house or spaceship.<a href="#cite_note-wired-24">[24]</a> <a href="Resident_Evil_5" title="Resident Evil 5">Resident Evil 5</a> was the first video game to use the technology,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> which was developed for the 2009 film <a href="Avatar_(2009_film)" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wired-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>

The use of <a href="Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">motion capture</a> to control the position and orientation of a virtual camera enables the operator to intuitively move and aim the virtual camera by simply walking about and turning the virtual camera rig. A virtual camera rig consists of a portable monitor or tablet device, motion sensors, an optional support framework, and optional joystick or button controls that are commonly used to start or stop recording and adjust lens properties.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In 1992, Michael McKenna of MIT's Media Lab demonstrated the earliest documented virtual camera rig when he fixed a Polhemus magnetic motion sensor and a 3.2 inch portable LCD TV to a wooden ruler.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The Walkthrough Project at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill produced a number of physical input devices for virtual camera view control including dual three-axis joysticks and a billiard-ball shaped prop known as the UNC Eyeball that featured an embedded six-degree of freedom motion tracker and a digital button.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Camera_matrix" title="Camera matrix">Camera matrix</a></li>

<li><a href="First-person_(video_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="First-person (video game)">First-person (video game)</a></li>

<li><a href="Game_engine" title="Game engine">Game engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_cinematography" title="Virtual cinematography">Virtual cinematography</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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